Parasite Patient’s Guide — References

This page lists the academic and web-based sources that informed the Parasite Patient’s Guide. It is provided for those who wish to review the references used within the guide.

Web Resources:

• AMBOSS: General Parasitology — A clinician’s summary of parasite groups, host roles, life cycles, and stage-based diagnostics.
• CDC: About Parasites — Plain-language overview of what parasites are, main groups (protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites), typical transmission routes, and why species-level ID matters for diagnosis and control.
• Cleveland Clinic: Parasitic Infections — Patient-friendly overview covering causes, symptoms (including fever, fatigue and gastrointestinal signs), transmission routes, diagnosis and testing, treatment options, prevention and recovery advice.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica: Parasite life cycles — Clear outline of direct (single-host) vs indirect (multi-host) cycles; defines definitive and intermediate hosts, with examples (e.g., Plasmodium, filarial nematodes) and the role of vectors such as mosquitoes. 
• MSD Manuals (Consumer): Overview of Parasitic Infections — Short summary of main parasite groups, how they spread (mouth/skin, vectors), common symptoms, basics of diagnosis (stool, blood, imaging), treatment options, and simple prevention tips.
• NCBI Bookshelf: Medical Microbiology (Section: Parasitology) —  clear primer on definitions, major parasite groups, life-cycle stages, and lab detection basics, with chapter links covering protozoa, helminths and vectors. 
• Nature (Heredity): Parasite Adaptation and Host–Parasite Coevolution — Research perspective on how evolution shapes host harm and parasite dependence.
• NCBI Bookshelf: Medical Microbiology — Protozoa Overview — Core reference on protozoan biology, transmission, and clinical patterns.
• Australian Society for Parasitology: Protozoa Introduction — Plain-English notes on protozoan diversity and habitats in humans.
• Safe Drinking Water Foundation: Protozoan Parasites — Practical summary of waterborne protozoa and household risks.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica: Protozoa — Authoritative overview of morphology, life strategies, and disease links.
• NCBI Bookshelf: Medical Microbiology — Helminths Overview — Structured guide to nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes with diagnostic focus.
• Australian Society for Parasitology: Helminths Introduction — Accessible overview of helminth groups, life cycles, and human relevance.
• Lumen Learning: Parasitic Helminths — Teaching resource outlining classification, transmission, and examples.
• Pan American Health Organization: Ectoparasitosis — Public-health guidance on common ectoparasites and control approaches.
• Cleveland Clinic: Parasites — Patient-friendly overview covering where parasites live, common symptoms, routes of transmission (food/water, vectors, contact), diagnosis and testing, treatment options, prevention (including hygiene, safe food/water, insect protection), plus notes on nutrition and recovery.
• ScienceDirect Topic Page: Ectoparasite — Concise scientific overview of ectoparasite biology and clinical impact.
• ID Specialists Singapore: Debunking Myths About Parasitic Infections — A helpful breakdown of myths around symptoms, pet exposure, and common assumptions.
• Green Cross Vets: Top Parasite Myths Busted — Highlights false beliefs around pets, hygiene, and natural treatment methods.
• DVM360: Debunking Common Myths About Parasites — Clinical insight into misconceptions seen in general practice.
• BMC Public Health: Understanding Public Attitudes to Parasites — Research on knowledge gaps and public belief patterns across various communities.
• Mount Elizabeth Hospital: 10 Health Myths Debunked — Discusses parasite-related myths alongside other common health misconceptions.
• La Colón: Intestinal Parasites – Fact vs Fiction — Focuses on natural remedies and how popular wellness narratives may confuse patients.
• Buzzsprout: Parasite Myths and Natural Remedies — Audio breakdown of misconceptions related to holistic parasite treatment.
• National Center for Biotechnology Information: Overview of Host–Parasite Immune Interactions — Explains the balance between parasite control and immune regulation in human infections.
• ScienceDirect: Immune Response to Parasite — A breakdown of both innate and adaptive immunity in response to parasitic organisms.
• Frontiers in Microbiology: Immune Evasion and Parasite Survival — Describes how parasites suppress, avoid, or redirect host immune responses to persist.
• Parasites & Vectors: Host–Parasite Immune Modulation — Examines helminth-driven immune changes and implications for chronic disease.
• PMC: Parasite-Host Interactions in Protozoal Infections — Research summary of how intracellular protozoa manipulate immune cells to persist.
• MDPI: Immune Evasion Mechanisms in Parasitic Infections — Overview of major strategies used by helminths and protozoa to avoid detection.
• Frontiers in Parasitology: Global impact of parasitic infections and the importance of parasite control — 2025 review outlining human, animal and plant burdens; One Health and zoonotic risk; quantitative impact (e.g., malaria cases/deaths); and priorities for control including convenience, effectiveness against drug-resistant parasites, affordability and environmentally friendly measures. Includes sections on epidemiology, public health burden and areas for improvement.
• American Society for Microbiology: Laboratory Identification of Parasites — A practical overview of the shift from morphology to molecular diagnostics.
• Cambridge University Press: The Current State of Parasite Discovery — Blog on taxonomy gaps and the clinical value of refining parasite classification.
• ScienceDirect: Molecular Approaches in Clinical Parasitology — Describes how taxonomy connects to real-world test accuracy and treatment outcomes.
• Parasite Ecology Blog: Simple vs Complex Life Cycles — Focus on ecological framing of life cycles and host-parasite dynamics
  
• Number Analytics: Parasite Life Cycles Guide — Simplifies terminology like definitive/intermediate host, vectors, and infective/diagnostic stages.
  
• CDC: What Causes Parasitic Diseases — Clear overview of transmission categories: animals (zoonotic), blood (including transfusion), food and water, and insects (vector-borne), with examples and simple prevention points.
• ScienceDirect: Parasite Transmission — Academic review of biological mechanisms and route-specific patterns.
• GIDEON Blog: A Guide to Parasitic Infections and Parasites — Plain-language primer on what parasitic infections are, symptoms, diagnosis basics, common transmission routes (food/water, vectors, person-to-person), and prevention tips; links to further GIDEON resources.
• Microbe Online: Modes of Transmission — Plain-English guide to parasitic infection sources, exposure routes, and prevention strategies. 
• FSIS (USDA): Parasites and Foodborne Illness — Consumer-friendly page on parasites linked to food and water, common sources, and key kitchen habits (safe cooking, clean handling, chilling) to reduce risk.
• WHO: Food safety fact sheet — Global overview of foodborne risks, including parasitic infections (e.g., Taenia solium, Echinococcus), with emphasis on safe food handling, hygiene, and the worldwide burden of disease.
• CDC Yellow Book: Post-Travel Parasitic Disease (including evaluation of eosinophilia) — Clinical approach for returning travellers: history and exposure review, incubation timelines, when eosinophilia should raise suspicion (≥500/µL thresholds), and a flow diagram with tables linking symptom patterns to likely parasites; includes testing pointers and CDC consultation links.
• EU-OSHA: Work-related diseases from biological agents — Overview of occupational risks from biological agents (including infection and allergy), at-risk sectors, and prevention/legislative resources.
• PubMed: Occupational Exposure to Parasites — Case studies and reviews of work-related infection risk.
• PubMed: Food Safety-Related Aspects of Parasites in Foods (2015) — Short review on how parasite stages can enter the food chain and how good kitchen hygiene and thorough cooking prevent illness.
• PubMed: Foodborne Parasites and Food Safety Gaps — Evaluates hygiene risk across processing sectors.
• ScienceDirect: Parasite Transmission and Global Risk Factors — Summarises environmental and socio-behavioural drivers.
• ScienceDirect: Occupational and Environmental Exposure in Parasitic Infection — Discusses emerging zoonotic risk and workplace prevention.
• ScienceDirect: Environmental and Food-Linked Parasitic Disease Burden — Broad modelling of exposure sources.
• Parasites & Vectors: Parasitic Risk in Urbanising Environments — Ecological study linking behaviour, sanitation, and exposure.
• Parasites & Vectors: Parasite Transmission in Travel and Displacement — Focuses on international travel and migration-related risk.
• Nature Scitable: Ecological Consequences of Parasitism — Explores environment–parasite–host relationships.
• Healthline: Disease Transmission — Overview of exposure types in infectious disease.
• Lumen Learning: Modes of Disease Transmission — Foundational breakdown of how behaviours shape exposure.
• WHO: Soil-transmitted helminth infections (fact sheet) — Overview of intestinal worms (Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm), routes of transmission, global burden (particularly in children), health consequences (anaemia, malnutrition, impaired growth), and WHO’s large-scale deworming strategies.
• CDC: Children (Parasites) — Plain-English guidance for paediatric populations: common risks (childcare settings, head lice, scabies), water-borne infections (e.g., giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis), soil-transmitted helminths and other NTDs, plus prevention tips (hand-washing, footwear, bed nets, travel chemoprophylaxis as advised).
• CDC: Women and Parasites (Basics) — Overview of women-specific risks and considerations, including pregnancy-related issues (e.g., toxoplasmosis, malaria), sexually transmitted parasitic infections (e.g., trichomoniasis), and practical prevention pointers.
• Mayo Clinic: Toxoplasmosis — symptoms & causes — Plain guide covering key risks in pregnancy (congenital infection), common exposure routes (undercooked meat, contaminated soil/produce, cat faeces), typical symptoms, and simple prevention tips.
• Korean Journal of Parasitology: Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Rural Thailand — Cross-sectional survey (n=224) reporting species distribution and behavioural risk factors.
• ScienceDirect / Acta Tropica: Gastrointestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients — Case–control study from west Iran comparing immunocompromised patients with healthy controls; higher overall prevalence reported, with Cryptosporidium and Blastocystis among the most common findings.
• American Family Physician: Common Intestinal Parasites — Overview of pinworm, giardiasis, hookworm and amoebiasis; giardiasis section covers malabsorption and prolonged diarrhoea, diagnosis with stool O&P or antigen assays, treatment including metronidazole, and prevention via safe water and hand hygiene.
• Biocodex Microbiota Institute. Parasitic Diarrhea — A review of the microbiota’s role in prognosis.
• CDC. Giardia Infection (Giardiasis) — Overview and symptoms.
• Cleveland Clinic: Intestinal Parasites — Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and testing (including stool and tape tests), treatment options, prevention, and follow-up advice.
• Healthline: Intestinal Worms — Clear overview of types (roundworms, tapeworms, flukes), symptoms, transmission, diagnosis (stool O&P; pinworm “tape test”; occasional blood tests/imaging), treatment (e.g., mebendazole, albendazole; praziquantel for tapeworm), advice on follow-up stool testing, and prevention (hand-washing, safe cooking temps).
• Hopkins Medicine. Malabsorption — Understanding the causes and clinical signs.
• Manhattan Gastroenterology: 10 Signs You May Have a Parasite — Patient-friendly blog covering common symptoms, basic testing pathways (stool tests, endoscopy, blood tests), general treatment notes, and simple prevention/diet tips.
• Mayo Clinic. Ascariasis and Giardia — Common parasitic infections linked to abdominal pain and weight loss.
• MSD Manuals. Overview of Malabsorption — Causes and diagnosis.
• SciDirect. Gastrointestinal Parasites in Cattle — Parallels to human intestinal infections.
• Trop Med and Health. Helminth Infections and Nutrient Loss — Field study on parasitic weight loss.
• Utah Health. Tapeworms — Easy Weight Loss or Health Risk?
• BMC Research Notes: Anaemia in Parasitic Infections — This study highlights the prevalence and mechanisms of anaemia among children in parasitic-endemic regions.
• Mayo Clinic: Eosinophilia Causes — Explanation of elevated eosinophils due to parasitic infections and other immune-related responses.
• Malaria Journal: Patterns of Parasite and Fever Clearance — A research-backed discussion on fever cycles and parasite behaviour.
• ScienceDirect Topics: Parasitosis — Concise summary hub outlining systemic and clinical features of parasitic infections, including gastrointestinal, neurological, respiratory, haematologic and radiologic findings; aggregates content from expert book chapters and articles.
• PMC. Mechanisms of Helminth Transmission — Explores lifecycle-related pathways and human exposure risks.
  
• CDC: Travellers (Parasites) — Risks and prevention for international travel: food- and water-borne protozoa/helminths (e.g., giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis), vector-borne infections (e.g., malaria, leishmaniasis), and practical steps such as arranging advice 4–6 weeks before departure, vaccines and prophylaxis where indicated, and links to CDC Travelers’ Health.
• Nature. Global Models of Parasite Spread — Research on the ecological and climatic factors influencing transmission.
  
• ScienceDirect. Vector-Borne Parasites — Reviews insect-borne transmission such as malaria and filariasis.
• PMC. Parasitic Diseases and Global Health — Explores global transmission dynamics, with emphasis on vulnerable populations.
  
• CDC: Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases — Overview of common diagnostics: stool O&P (CDC recommends three or more specimens on separate days), endoscopy/colonoscopy if stool tests are negative, blood tests (serology and blood smear), and imaging (X-ray, MRI, CT) for organ lesions; highlights the value of travel history and notes CDC is a reference lab (specimens go via state labs).
• Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics: Parasites Chapter — Role of travel history, symptoms, and specimen collection.
• CDC: Clinical Overview of Parasites for Healthcare Providers — Emphasises patient history in diagnostic decision-making.
• JAMA: The Value of a Careful History in Diagnosing Parasitic Disease — A historical yet relevant reminder of clinical fundamentals.
• MedlinePlus: Ova and Parasite Test — Patient guide explaining how the test works, when it’s used, and the role of timing and symptom correlation in stool testing for parasitic infections.
• Medical News Today: Signs of Parasite Infection — Provides real-world examples of symptom onset and progression.
• PMC: Human Parasitic Infections – Diagnostic Challenges — Discusses importance of clinical patterns in early detection.
• Testing.com: Ova and Parasite Exam — Patient-friendly guide explaining stool test purpose, collection, processing, interpretation of results, and when doctors may order repeat samples
• CDC DPDx: Stool Specimens – Detection of Parasite Antigens — Practical lab guide to antigen detection (DFA, EIA, rapid tests) for intestinal parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica); notes antigen tests using blood/serum are available for Plasmodium and Wuchereria bancrofti.
• MSD Manuals (Professional): Serologic and Molecular Tests for Parasitic Infections — Handy table mapping parasites to antibody assays and antigen/DNA tests (PCR/LAMP), with specimen types and brief notes on availability.
• CDC DPDx: Serum/Plasma Specimens – Detection of Antibodies — Practical guide to serologic testing for parasite-specific antibodies, with notes on safety, specimen requirements/submission, test interpretation, and disease-specific caveats.
• CDC DPDx: Stool Specimens – Molecular Diagnosis — Practical PCR guidance for intestinal parasites: suitable preservatives (e.g., TotalFix, Unifix, modified PVA, Ecofix), storage/shipping, DNA extraction links, targets run at CDC (e.g., Cyclospora, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, microsporidia), and notes on conventional vs real-time PCR (SYBR Green vs TaqMan).
• Malaria Journal: Microscopy of Malaria — Technical guidelines for accurate blood film examination and diagnostic performance.
• PubMed: Imaging as a (pre)clinical tool in parasitology — Review of imaging in parasitology across experimental and clinical settings (microscopy and radiological modalities), covering diagnosis, in-vivo tracking, and support for drug/vaccine work.
  
• Radiographics: Hepatic Parasitic Diseases — State-of-the-art CT and MRI insights into liver-related parasitic infections and their imaging characteristics.
• Insights into Imaging — Role of MRI, CT, and ultrasound in parasitic infections
  
• American Journal of Gastroenterology: Endoscopic Diagnosis of Parasite Infections — Case studies and real-world findings on visualising parasites via endoscopy.
• Radiopaedia: Ascariasis — Imaging findings in intestinal and biliary ascariasis.
  
• Auctores Online: Differential Diagnosis of Parasitic GI Diseases — Application of diagnostic algorithms and machine-learning methods to distinguish parasitic from non-parasitic gastrointestinal conditions.
• Mayo Clinic. Infectious Diseases Overview — General comparison of pathogens.
• PMC. Parasites and Cancer — Discusses oncogenic potential of chronic parasitic infections.
• Science.org. Parasitic Worms May Prevent Crohn’s Disease — Explores the immunomodulatory effects of helminths.
• PMC. Parasites and Allergy Interactions — Reviews immune changes linked to parasitic exposure.
• Nationwide Children’s. Viruses, Bacteria, and Parasites in the Digestive Tract — Distinguishing features of microbial GI pathogens.
• Science.org. Parasites and Allergy — How parasitic exposure may influence immune regulation and allergy prevalence.
• BadGut.org. Worms and IBD — Relationship between parasitic infections and IBD.
• American Cancer Society. Parasites and Cancer — Infections that can lead to malignancy.
• CDC: Parasites — Main landing page linking to the A–Z disease index, public-facing info (About, Causes, Diagnosis), pages for specific groups and for health professionals, plus DPDx diagnostic resources.
• OpenStax: Antiparasitic and Anthelmintic Drugs — Educational overview of drug classes, mechanisms of action, indications, adverse effects, and key nursing considerations.
• DrugBank: Antiprotozoal Agents — Classification, chemical classes, and mechanisms of drugs used to treat protozoal infections.
• Mayo Clinic: Malaria — diagnosis & treatment — Plain guide to work-up (blood tests) and common treatments; lists ACTs for chloroquine-resistant malaria alongside options such as atovaquone–proguanil, quinine with doxycycline, and primaquine, with brief safety notes and when to seek urgent care.
• CDC Malaria: Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria — Chemoprophylaxis guidance for travellers; drug options (atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, chloroquine, primaquine, tafenoquine), start/stop timing, contraindications, Yellow Book country advice, and the need for G6PD testing with primaquine/tafenoquine.
• NCBI. Anthelmintics – Mechanism and Clinical Use — Review of antihelminthic drug classes.
• Cleveland Clinic. Antiparasitic Drugs — Overview of commonly prescribed medications for parasitic infections
• NCBI Bookshelf. Antiparasitic Drugs — Detailed pharmacological review of drugs targeting protozoa and helminths
  
• CDC: Caring for Yourself and Others (What to Do When You Think You Have a Parasitic Disease) — Practical advice on when and whom to see (primary care vs dermatology/gastroenterology/infectious diseases/travel medicine), points to consider (travel, pregnancy, immune problems), and how to find a clinician; notes CDC isn’t a clinic and can’t refer or prescribe.
  
• PMC / Gastroenterology Clinics of North America: Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract and liver — Clinical review covering presentation, diagnosis and treatment, with supportive-care notes (e.g., maintain hydration in cryptosporidiosis) and handy tables linking organisms to tests and therapies.
  
• ScienceDirect: Parasitism and anaemia — Classic 1969 review outlining how helminth infections—particularly hookworm—drive iron-deficiency anaemia via chronic blood loss; context piece rather than a maternal-specific or supplementation study.
  
• Mayo Clinic: Giardia infection (giardiasis) — symptoms & causes — Plain-language overview of symptoms, when to seek care, common exposure routes (unsafe water, food, person-to-person), prevention tips, and dehydration risk from diarrhoea.
• PMC: Aggressive antipyretics in central nervous system malaria — Study protocol in children testing scheduled paracetamol plus ibuprofen versus usual care, aiming to reduce peak fevers linked with neurological risk.
  
• Cleveland Clinic: Hemolytic Anaemia — Overview of causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
• MSD Manual. Gastrointestinal Parasites in Horses — Offers insight into systemic responses to parasitic disease, including hydration and electrolyte loss.
  
• PMC. Nutritional Interventions in Parasitic Infection — Reviews the role of micronutrients such as zinc and vitamin A in improving recovery.
  
• CDC/Strongyloides (HCP): Diagnosis & treatment of strongyloidiasis — Clinical guidance for health care providers: diagnosis notes (serial stool exams as gold standard), first-line treatment (ivermectin; albendazole as alternative), follow-up stool testing 2–4 weeks after therapy, and hyperinfection risks in immunosuppressed patients. 
• WHO. Guideline: Daily iron supplementation in infants and children — Recommendations for addressing iron deficiency due to parasitic burden. 
• MedlinePlus. Zinc Supplementation and Diarrhoea — Clinical relevance of zinc in infection recovery.
• PMC. The impact of Vitamin A on parasite immunity — Discusses the role of vitamin A in parasite-related immune responses.
• MDPI. Gut Microbiota and Parasite Interaction — Explores the probiotic connection in parasitic infection recovery.
• Healthline. Parasite Cleanse Diet — Discusses myths and facts surrounding foods, supplements, and anti-parasitic nutrition
  
• Rupa Health. 5 Scientifically Proven Foods That Kill Parasites — Explores natural dietary compounds with antiparasitic potential.
  
• Penn State Extension: Managing Parasites with Good Nutrition — Guidance on nutrition as a tool for parasite resilience, prevention, and overall health
• WebMD. Parasite Cleanses — Offers a balanced view of supplements and supportive care.
  
• Unlimit Health: Nutrition and parasitic infections — Overview of how diet and nutrition relate to parasite prevention and recovery; notes malabsorption, anaemia and stunting, and the value of integrated approaches with deworming and WASH.
  
• PMC. Role of Micronutrients in Infection Control — Discusses iron and vitamin A in particular for immune resilience.
  
• UNICEF. Ending Open Defecation — How improved sanitation prevents infections. 
• Nature. Integrated control strategies for vector-borne parasitic diseases — Effectiveness and sustainability.
• CDC. Water-related Diseases and Parasites — The importance of clean water access.
• WHO. Insecticide-Treated Nets — Best practices for malaria prevention.
• USAID. WASH and Neglected Tropical Diseases — Combined strategy for sustainable parasite control.
• EBSCO Research Starters: Prevention of parasitic diseases — Plain-language prevention tips covering hygiene, safe food and water, vector avoidance, and safer sex; includes condition-specific pointers for head lice, malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, and trichomoniasis.
• Healthline: 8 Parasites and Bacteria That Could Be Hiding in Your Foods — Consumer explainer covering E. coli, Giardia, tapeworms, Toxoplasma gondii, Ascaris, Cryptosporidium, fish flukes and pinworms; highlights risks from undercooked meat/raw fish, contaminated produce/water, and poor kitchen hygiene, with practical tips (thorough cooking, handwashing, avoiding cross-contamination). 
• Mayo Clinic: Trichinosis — symptoms & causes — Short explainer on risks from undercooked pork and wild game, typical symptom pattern, when to seek care, and simple kitchen prevention (safe cooking temperatures, freezing notes, and grinder hygiene).
• Seafood Health Facts: Parasites in Seafood — Consumer guidance on common seafood parasites (e.g., Anisakis, Diphyllobothrium), risks from raw/undercooked products, and proven control methods like proper cooking and deep-freezing (e.g., -4°F [-20°C] for 7 days).
• CDC: How to Prevent Trichinellosis — Practical prevention for trichinella from pork and wild game: cook meat to safe internal temperatures, use a food thermometer, don’t sample meat until fully cooked; curing/drying/smoking/microwaving alone isn’t reliable; freezing pork <6 inches thick for 20 days at 5°F (−15°C) kills worms, but freezing wild game may not; clean meat grinders thoroughly; don’t feed uncooked scraps to animals.
• Health Vermont: Parasites in Drinking Water — Short guidance on common waterborne parasites, typical exposure routes, simple ways to make water safer at home, and when to seek testing or advice.
• EPA. What Insect Repellent Should I Use? — Overview of repellent types and ingredients.
• Medical News Today. Natural Insect Repellents — Discusses plant-based options and limitations.
• CDC. Insecticide-Treated Nets — Role of ITNs in malaria prevention.
• Nature. New Bed Net Technology Targets Parasites — Reviews advances in mosquito-parasite-targeting nets.
• PMC. Long-Lasting Clothing Treatment with Permethrin — Effectiveness of treated garments in vector prevention.
• PMC. Environmental Control of Vector-Borne Parasites — Strategies for sustainable parasite control in livestock and agriculture.
• WHO. Vector Control Strategies — Global policies and interventions for controlling vectors.
• Frontiers. Non-Chemical Approaches to Parasite Prevention — Insight into biological and integrated pest management.
• PMC. Travel Health and Pre-travel Medicine — Role of pre-travel clinics in reducing parasitic disease burden.
• Canadian Medical Care. Protecting Yourself from Exotic Parasites — Practical guidance on prevention abroad.
• MSD Manual. Approach to Parasitic Infections — Medical overview of prevention and diagnosis.
• ScienceDirect. Global Risk Factors in Travel Parasitology — Discussion of chemoprophylaxis and vector trends.
• NEJM. Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Review — Clinical approaches to drug regimens.
• CDC Yellow Book. Pre-Travel Consultation Guidelines — Comprehensive framework for advising travellers.
• CDC. Malaria Prophylaxis Table — Medication schedules and comparisons.
• WHO. Malaria Fact Sheet — Global burden and prevention strategies.
• PMC. Parasite Vaccines and Progress — Current developments in parasitic vaccine science.
• GAVI. Next-Gen Parasite Vaccines — Innovation and obstacles in vaccine development.
• Nature. Immune Evasion in Parasites — Challenges in creating lasting vaccine immunity.
• Mayo Clinic. Ascariasis Treatment and Follow-Up — Test-of-cure guidelines for roundworm infection.
• UGA. Test of Cure for Chagas Disease — Innovative research developing TOC testing for tissue parasites.
• Gut Pathogens. Resolution and Relapse Markers in Giardia Infection — Discusses specific serological and molecular markers.
• Parasites & Vectors. Taxonomic Resolution in Follow-Up Studies — Insights on the difficulty of measuring long-term clearance.
• MLA Report: Efficacy of Herbal Combinations in Goats and Sheep — Trial showing wormwood, cloves, and black walnut hulls reduced gastrointestinal parasite egg counts by up to 80 % in goats.
• Portland Clinic of Natural Health: Black Walnut as an Anti-Parasitic — Article describing the traditional and clinical use of black walnut hulls against intestinal parasites.
  
• Rupa Health: Natural Supplements for Parasite Cleansing — Review highlighting the role of cloves, black walnut, and probiotics in disrupting the parasite life cycle.
  
• PMC: Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions — Review of how parasites and gut microbiota interact, with implications for candida and probiotics.
  
• Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology: Intestinal Bacteria—A Powerful Weapon for Fungal Infections — Review on how gut bacteria and probiotics can inhibit Candida.
  
• PMC: The Interplay Between Candida albicans and Lactic Acid Bacteria — Review on how Lactobacillus species influence candida growth and virulence.
  
• Rupa Health: Herxheimer Reaction in Integrative Medicine — Explanation of die-off symptoms and supportive measures for patients undergoing parasite or candida treatment.
• Dr Hagmeyer: Common Die-Off Symptoms — Clinical overview of Herxheimer reactions including fatigue, digestive upset, rashes, and brain fog.
  
• Dr Berg: Detox and Die-Off — Guide on the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction, its timing, and strategies to ease symptoms during parasite die-off.
  
• Wikipedia: Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction — Background on the classical reaction observed during syphilis treatment, with broader relevance to pathogen die-off.
  
• Medscape. Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment — Detailed treatment strategies for managing lymphatic damage caused by filarial worms.
  
• Healthline. Post-Infectious IBS — Explains symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for IBS triggered by parasitic infections
  
• Monash University. Post-Infectious IBS & Diet — Highlights dietary approaches, including the low FODMAP diet, for managing PI-IBS.
• Parasites & Vectors. Long-Term Impact of Parasitic Diseases — Reviews chronic outcomes and burden associated with neglected tropical diseases.
  
• Trends in Parasitology. Parasitic Infection and Growth Stunting — Examines the link between chronic infections and impaired physical development.
  
• UMass Medical. Hookworm & Cognitive Development — Reports cognitive changes linked to early parasitic infections.
  
• WHO. Lymphatic Filariasis Fact Sheet — Overview of symptoms, complications, and global public health strategies.
  
• CDC. Lymphatic Filariasis — Covers transmission, pathophysiology, and prevention of lymphatic filariasis.
  
• Mayo Clinic. Lymphedema Causes — Lists causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies for lymphedema.
  
• Frontiers in Immunology. Physical Activity, Immunity, and Recovery — Examines how structured exercise supports immune recalibration after illness.
• PMC. Graded Return to Exercise for Recovery — Reviews pacing strategies and recovery planning post-illness. 
• ScienceDirect. Post-Infectious Fatigue and Physical Activity — Highlights the role of deconditioning in fatigue syndromes.
• AAFP. Fatigue: Diagnosis and Management — Clinical framework for recognising and managing fatigue post-infection.
• Long COVID Guide. Returning to Physical Activity — Practical pacing and recovery tips relevant to post-infectious fatigue.
• FDA. Antiparasitic Resistance — Concerns over resistance in human and animal parasite treatments.
• PMC. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance — Cellular mechanisms contributing to parasite drug survival.
• ScienceDirect. Combination Therapy in Parasitic Infections — Benefits of dual-drug approaches in treatment.
• WHO. Antimicrobial Resistance Factsheet — Global policy recommendations for resistance management.
• Frontiers. Genetic Basis of Resistance — Evolutionary mechanisms driving drug resistance in parasites.
• CAPC. Parasite Control Guidelines — Companion animal protocols updated to address resistance. 
• EMA. New Combination Medicines — European approval of combination treatments for parasitic worm infections.
• Antibiotic Guardian. Stewardship Awareness — Promoting antimicrobial stewardship globally.
• Frontiers in Veterinary Science: Parasites at the One Health Interface — Research Topic (collection) focused on parasite transmission at the human–animal–environment interface, highlighting cross-species dynamics, surveillance, and control within a One Health frame; includes an articles hub with published papers.
• PMC: Keeping parasitology under the One Health umbrella — Short perspective linking human, animal and environmental health; highlights food safety, surveillance and cross-sector work as pillars for parasite control.
• MDPI/Healthcare: One World, One Health: Zoonotic, parasitic and infectious diseases — Overview piece framing parasitic zoonoses within a One Health lens, touching on human–animal–environment links, surveillance, and policy priorities.
• Parasites & Vectors: One Health approach to toxocariasis in quilombola communities of southern Brazil — Study illustrating the veterinary–public health interface and control considerations.
• One Health (Elsevier): Drug-resistant parasites and fungi from a One Health perspective — Overview arguing that rising resistance in parasites and fungi is a global concern; calls for cross-sector stewardship across human, animal and environmental settings.
• Royal Veterinary College: Vaccine development for livestock parasites — Press note on a recombinant vaccine candidate against the barber’s pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) in sheep, reporting reduced parasite establishment and egg shedding in animal studies; collaborative work with Vetmeduni Vienna, linked to 2025 publications.
• Universidad Complutense Madrid: Parasitic diseases in companion animals — Research/technology transfer page outlining parasite risks in pets, relevance to One Health, and available UCM expertise and collaborations.
• CDC. Diagnostic Procedures for Parasitic Infections.
• ScienceDirect. Rapid detection technologies in parasitology.
• Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. Microbiome and parasite interactions.
• Parasites & Vectors. Pipeline drugs for helminth control.
• Nature Communications. Novel compound activity against Leishmania. 
• CSIRO. Point-of-care parasite diagnostics.
• MDPI. Advances in point-of-care diagnostics.
• Microbiome Journal. Microbial shifts in parasite-exposed hosts.
• Trends in Parasitology. New drug development pathways. 
• PMC: Iron Deficiency and Parasitic Infections — This article reviews the relationship between helminth infections and iron-deficiency anaemia, with evidence supporting iron supplementation.
• ScienceDirect: Hookworm-Associated Anaemia — This study highlights the burden of hookworm infection on iron status and the role of supplementation.
• PMC: Folate and Red Blood Cell Formation — This article discusses folate’s role in erythropoiesis and its importance in preventing anaemia during infections.
• Frontiers in Pediatrics: Nutritional Interventions for Children in Parasitic Endemic Areas — This paper explores iron and folate supplementation in children to reduce anaemia linked to parasitic disease.
• Wiley Online Library: Tropical Medicine & International Health — This article analyses combined approaches of deworming and iron–folate supplementation in tropical settings.
• BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth: Iron–Folate Supplementation in Pregnancy — A study assessing the benefits of iron–folate supplementation in preventing anaemia during pregnancy.
• Journal of Nutrition: Iron Supplementation and Immune Function — This article reviews the role of iron and folate in immune responses during infection.
• International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics: Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Children — This study examines the prevalence of anaemia in children with parasitic infections and the benefits of supplementation.
• Pediatrics (AAP): Effect of Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections — Randomised, double-blind trial in Mexican children showing parasite-specific effects (↓ Giardia with vitamin A+zinc; ↑ Ascaris with zinc; ↓ E. histolytica diarrhoea with zinc).
• ScienceDirect: Vitamin A and Immunity — This article reviews vitamin A’s role in regulating immune responses during infection.
• PMC: Vitamin A Deficiency and Infection — A review of the links between vitamin A deficiency, immune dysfunction, and infection severity.
• Parasites & Vectors: Vitamin A and Deworming Programmes — This article explores the integration of vitamin A supplementation with deworming efforts in endemic regions.
• ScienceDirect: Vitamin A and Parasitic Infections — This review highlights how vitamin A deficiency interacts with parasitic disease burden.
• Vitamin Angels: Vitamin A Supplementation and Deworming — An overview of global health programmes delivering vitamin A alongside deworming medicines.
• Pediatrics (AAP): Effect of Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections — Randomised trial in Mexican children showing parasite-specific outcomes (↓ Giardia, ↓ E. histolytica diarrhoea with zinc, ↑ Ascaris with zinc/combination).
• Nature / European Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Vitamin A & zinc with parasitic infection — growth effects in infants — Randomised trial in Mexico (n=584) found that growth responses to vitamin A or zinc were modified by parasite status: a general height benefit with vitamin A was noted, but interaction analyses showed slower growth in infected infants on vitamin A, and zinc interacted with Giardia/Ascaris with reduced growth velocity.
• WHO/Task Force: How to Add Deworming to Vitamin A Distribution — WHO guidance on combining vitamin A supplementation with deworming programmes.
• PMC: Zinc in Human Health and Disease — A review of zinc’s essential roles, deficiency effects, and clinical uses.
• ACS Omega: Zinc and Parasite Interactions — A study exploring zinc’s biological impact on host–parasite interactions.
• Longevity Care Clinic: Parasites and Zinc Levels — Overview of how parasites deplete zinc and the benefits of supplementation.
• ScienceDirect: Zinc and Intestinal Health — Research into zinc supplementation and its role in gastrointestinal recovery.
• CDC: Stool Diagnostic Procedures — Background on how parasitic infections affect nutrient absorption, including zinc.
• Current Pediatrics: Parasitic Infections and Micronutrient Deficiency in Children — Research on the impact of parasites on zinc and other nutrients in Saudi children.
• MDPI: Zinc in Human Health — A review of zinc’s benefits, deficiency risks, and supplementation strategies.
• SCIRP: Zinc Deficiency and Infections — A paper exploring the relationship between zinc deficiency, immunity, and infections.
• PMC: Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and combined with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi — Preclinical study evaluating efficacy for Chagas disease.
• Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology: Vitamin C Inhibits Blood-Stage Plasmodium Parasites via Oxidative Stress — Original research showing high-dose vitamin C enters infected red cells via glucose transporters (as dehydroascorbic acid) and triggers oxidative stress, reducing ATP and inhibiting P. berghei in mice and P. falciparum in vitro; effect observed even with chloroquine/ artemisinin-resistant parasites.
• PubMed/PMC: Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi (2018) — In-vitro and murine Chagas models: vitamin C shows direct trypanocidal activity; when combined with benznidazole it doesn’t alter antiparasitic efficacy but lessens host-cell cytotoxicity. Authors propose two actions for vitamin C: pro-oxidant (alone) and antioxidant (in combination). 
• bioRxiv: Loss of vitamin C biosynthesis protects from a parasitic infection — Mouse work shows ascorbate-deficient (Gulo-/-) mice are protected from schistosomiasis pathology; Schistosoma mansoni require host ascorbate for egg production, suggesting vitamin C status can shape host–parasite dynamics.
• IJID: Vitamins C & E plus selenium — preliminary abstract on reduced parasite burden — Short report noting a reduction in parasite burden with vitamin C/E and selenium, with a call for further research.
• ScienceDirect / Parasitology International: Paradoxical effects of vitamin C in Chagas disease — Experimental mouse/in-vitro work showing vitamin C can act pro-oxidant/pro-inflammatory in acute T. cruzi infection, with changes in glutathione and disease markers; disease-specific paper rather than a broad antioxidant review.
• SciELO Brazil / Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo: Effects of vitamin C supplementation in acute Chagas disease (mouse study) — Supplementation (including high dose) increased parasitaemia and showed mixed tissue findings; animal data, not clinical guidance.
• ScienceDirect: Vitamin C dosing modulates Th1 responses in murine malaria — BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL showed stronger Th1 immune responses with vitamin C supplementation; animal study rather than a broad immunity review.
• New Scientist: The real reason why we lost the ability to make vitamin C — News explainer on why humans no longer make vitamin C, highlighting 2025 mouse work suggesting ascorbate deficiency can lessen schistosomiasis pathology and so may have offered an evolutionary edge.
• ScienceDirect: Vitamin D and Infections — This review examines vitamin D’s role in immune regulation and infection control.
• PubMed: Vitamin D in Parasitic Diseases — Study linking vitamin D levels with outcomes in parasitic infections.
• PMC: Vitamin D and Immunity — Review of vitamin D’s influence on host immunity and disease recovery.
• ResearchGate: Vitamin D Levels and Intestinal Parasites — Study showing association between low vitamin D and parasite prevalence.
• Malaria Journal: Vitamin D and Malaria — Evidence suggesting vitamin D may reduce inflammation and severity in malaria.
• Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: Vitamin D and Parasitic Infections — Research on vitamin D’s role in modulating parasite-related immunity.
• ScienceDirect: Vitamin D and Host–Pathogen Interactions — Study on vitamin D pathways in controlling infections.
• Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology: Vitamin D in Host Immunity — Article on vitamin D’s emerging role in modulating parasite-host dynamics.
• AEJI Journal: Vitamin D Deficiency and Parasitic Burden — Research linking low vitamin D levels to higher parasite load.
• ScienceDirect: Vitamin D and Infections — Review of vitamin D’s role in immune regulation and infection control.
• PMC: Probiotics for the Control of Parasites — Overview of how probiotics may help control parasitic infections, including proposed mechanisms and evidence base.
• Cleveland Clinic: Probiotics — Patient-friendly overview of uses, potential benefits and risks, common strains and food sources, plus practical notes on when to consider probiotics.
• PubMed/PMC: Probiotics for the Control of Parasites: An Overview (2011) — Review noting strain-specific probiotic effects against parasitic infections; evidence largely from animal models; more studies needed. 
• Springer: Probiotics and Parasites — Research article exploring interactions between probiotics and parasites.
• IJID: Possible effects of commercial probiotics on intestinal parasites (conference abstract) — Ongoing hospital-based study in south-east Nigeria (people living with HIV) reporting a significant effect of commercial probiotics on intestinal parasites; preliminary findings with limited detail.
• INRAE: Probiotic strain for a common intestinal infection — Press note on a Lactobacillus johnsonii strain showing anti-parasite activity in animal models, with findings reported in Gut Microbes; early-stage work that may inform future therapies.
• ScienceDirect: Probiotics as a strategy for addressing helminth infections — Overview piece noting mixed findings across studies; effects appear strain- and context-specific, with much evidence from preclinical/animal work and a need for stronger human trials.
• Frontiers in Immunology: Parasite–Probiotic Interactions in the Gut — Pig model of helminth infection (Oesophagostomum dentatum): two probiotic mixes tested. They did not lower worm burden, but the Bacillus/Enterococcus mix dampened type-2 inflammatory gene up-regulation and shifted gut microbiota; some probiotic effects were muted by concurrent infection.
• PMC: Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and metabolic tissues — Review on how macronutrient status influences immunity and infection outcomes in parasitic disease.
• International Journal for Parasitology: Hosts use altered macronutrient intake to offset infection costs — Experimental insect model showing infected hosts shift protein:carbohydrate intake; with access to complementary diets, fecundity drops aren’t inevitable, implying diet composition can shape infection outcomes.
• ScienceDirect / The Journal of Nutrition: Pregnancy, nutrition and parasitic diseases — Short review linking parasitic infections (notably malaria and helminths) with anaemia, low birth weight and higher nutrient needs in pregnancy; calls for practical infection control and adequate nutrition before/during pregnancy.
• Wiley: Nutritional Ecology of Parasite–Host Interactions — Research on how host diet shapes parasitic infections and influences ecological outcomes.
• PMC: Interactions of malnutrition and immune impairment — Review on protein–energy malnutrition, micronutrients, and susceptibility to parasitic infection.
• Oxford Academic: Macronutrient Interactions with Infection — Study of how dietary composition influences host–parasite dynamics and infection outcomes.
• University of Arkansas (ScholarWorks@UARK): Macronutrient Availability Shapes Host Response to Infection and Feeding Behavior — Master’s thesis in canaries infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum showing a protein-rich diet shortened clinical signs and improved tolerance versus a lipid-rich diet; supports the idea that macronutrient balance influences disease severity.

Academic Resources:

• Casey, G.J., Sartori, D., Horton, S.E., Phuc, T.Q., Phu, L.B., Thach, D.T., Nhan, V.T., Hien, T.T., Tsuyuoka, R. and White, N.J., 2010. Long-term weekly iron-folic acid supplementation and regular de-worming is effective in significantly and sustainably reducing the prevalence of anaemia and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a community-based trial in women of reproductive age in Vietnam. PLoS ONE, 5(12):e†13750. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3012714/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Kedir, S., et al., 2024. Impact of weekly iron-folic acid supplementation on schistosomiasis reinfection risk and haematologic recovery among adolescents: systematic review (Frontiers in Pediatrics). Frontiers in Pediatrics, Article 1366540. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2024.1366540/full [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Astiazarán-García, H., López-Flores, M.E., Tamez-Girón, G., Barrios, F.A., Torres, J., Calderón de la Barca, A.M., & López-Grande, N.G., 2015. Crosstalk between zinc status and Giardia infection: implications for diarrhoea and immune responses. Nutrients, 7(6), pp.4438–4452. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488794/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Fançony, C., Soares, Â., Lavinha, J. & Brito, M., 2022. Zinc deficiency interacts with intestinal/urogenital parasites in the pathway to anaemia in preschool children, Bengo–Angola. Nutrients, 14(7), Article 1392. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071392 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Liu, E., Pimpin, L., Shulkin, M., Kranz, S., Duggan, C.P., Mozaffarian, D. & Fawzi, W.W., 2018. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth outcomes in children under 5 years of age: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 10(3), Article 377. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030377 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Long, K.Z., Rosado, J.L., Montoya, Y., Solano, M. de L., Santos, J.I., Hertzmark, E., DuPont, H.L., Thompson-Bonilla, C., Lopez-Saucedo, C. and Caamaño, M.C., 2007. Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on gastrointestinal parasitic infections among Mexican children. Pediatrics, 120(4), pp.e846–e855. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17908741/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Hall, J.A., Grainger, J.R., Spencer, S.P. and Belkaid, Y., 2012. The role of retinoic acid in tolerance and immunity. Parasites & Vectors, 5, p.286. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485670/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Shi, X., Wei, M., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Lv, L. and Wang, Q., 2021. Vitamin C inhibits blood-stage Plasmodium parasites via oxidative stress. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9:639944. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.639944/full [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Puente, V., Peralta, B., Brítez, P., Ríos, Q., Estrada, J., and Allely, C., 2018. Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(9):e0006764. Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006764 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Tabatabaie, F., Hosseini, S., Mortazavi, Y., Hosseini, Z., and Keshavarz, H., 2018. Evaluation of the effects of vitamins C and E, and minerals selenium and calcium on proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 72, pp.21-26. Available at: https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(18)34236-X/fulltext [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Cusick, S.E., Opoka, R.O., Lund, T.C., John, C.C. and Polgreen, L.E., 2014. Vitamin D insufficiency is common in Ugandan children and is associated with severe malaria. PLoS ONE, 9(12), p.e113185. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113185 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Kalantari, N., Sepidarkish, M., Ghaffari, S. and Rostami-Mansoor, S., 2023. Does vitamin D reduce the mortality rate of Plasmodium infection? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Malaria Journal, 22, p.173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04612-4 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Yar, T.M., Kaya, Y., Karaman, Ü., Arıcı, Y.K., Düğeroğlu, H. and Karataş, A., 2023. The Association Between Vitamin D Levels and Intestinal Parasites. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie Bulgare des Sciences, 76(10), pp.1633-1642. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7546/CRABS.2023.10.18 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Kalantari, N., Sepidarkish, M., Ghaffari, S. and Rostami-Mansoor, S., 2023. Does vitamin D reduce the mortality rate of Plasmodium infection? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Malaria Journal, 22, Article number 173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04612-4 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Travers, M.-A., Florent, I., Kohl, L. and Grellier, P., 2011. Probiotics for the control of parasites: An overview. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2011, Article ID 610769. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182331/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Saracino, M.P., Vila, C.C., Baldi, P.C. and González Maglio, D.H., 2021. Searching for the one(s): Using Probiotics as Anthelmintic Treatments. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12:714198. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.714198/full [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Mandal, S., Mondal, C., Lyndem, L.M., et al., 2024. Probiotics: an alternative anti-parasite therapy. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01680-4 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Shea-Donohue, T., Qin, B. and Smith, A., 2017. Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues. Parasite Immunology, 39(5). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863236/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Papier, K., Stein, A. and Gorman, T., 2014. Childhood malnutrition and parasitic helminth interactions: A systematic review. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59(2), pp. 234-242. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/234/2895324 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Zeise, K.D., Artis, D. and Sonnenburg, J.L., 2021. Interplay between Candida albicans and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Modulation of Growth and Virulence. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, published as PMC8404691. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8404691/ [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Cong, L., Xu, H., Zeng, X., Zhu, H., Li, Z., Li, Q., He, Y., Feng, Q., Zhang, Y. and Xue, X., 2023. Intestinal commensal bacteria and probiotics inhibit fungal colonization and immune dysregulation: Insights into bacterial-fungal interactions. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13:1187831. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187831/full [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Grondin, J.A., Leung, J.M., Houlden, A., Steinbrecher, T., Mühlbauer, M., Maslowski, K.M., Norman, J.M., Molinaro, C.A., Müller, M., Gause, W.C., Suresh, M., Kastenmüller, W., Kidd, B.A. and Gordon, S.C., 2024. Interaction between intestinal parasites and the gut microbiota: implications for the intestinal immune response and host defence. Pathogens, 13(8), p.608. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080608 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Gaulke, C.A., Barton, C.L., Proefrock, A., Rieck, A., Al‐Rashidi, H.S., and Goodrich, J.K., 2019. A longitudinal assessment of host-microbe-parasite relationships: microbiome, parasite burden, and pathology in zebrafish infected with Pseudocapillaria tomentosa. Microbiome, 7: 141. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0622-9 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Myhill, L.J., Stolzenbach, S., Mejer, H., et al., 2022. Parasite-Probiotic Interactions in the Gut: Bacillus sp. and Enterococcus faecium regulate type-2 inflammatory responses and modify the gut microbiota of pigs infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum. Frontiers in Immunology, 12:793260. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.793260/full [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].
• Pandey, H., Kumar, N., Singh, D., and Shukla, S., 2024. Helminths in alternative therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease: interactions with gut microbiota, immune modulation, and therapeutic potential. Intestinal Research, 22(2), pp. 175-190. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2023.00023 [Accessed 16 Sept. 2025].